GEOGRAPHY ( CLASS:- 10 TH )
India : Resources and Uses
1. What do you understand by conservation and management of minerals?
Answer: The judicious use of resources is called conservation. Because it takes millions of years for any resource to be created, on the contrary, resource management is a complex process. This is included from production to consumption.
2. Describe the economic importance of minerals.
Answer: A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous element with a definite internal structure. Special economic importance of minerals in our life Minerals are a basic need for industrial production. In the absence of this, neither industry nor development of any nation can be imagined.
3. What are non-metallic minerals? Explain with example.
Answer: Minerals which lack metal content and are brittle in nature are called non-metallic minerals. When hit on them, they break. Dolamite, diamond, mica, limestone etc. are examples of this. Of these, limestone has the most industrial importance.
4. What are the two main identities of metallic minerals?
Answer Following are the two identities of metallic minerals- (i) Metals are obtained by smelting them. (ii) It can be beaten into wire.
5. Mention the characteristics of minerals.
Answer: Minerals are the pillars of civilizational culture. Industries cannot develop without them. They play a role in the formation of rocks. More than 2000 minerals have been identified, but 30 of these minerals have special importance from economic point of view. Minerals are of two types on the basis of availability of metal.
6. Throw light on the use of manganese.
Answer: Manganese is a very useful mineral substance. It is used in many alloy manufacturing including steelmaking. In addition, it is useful in making dry-cells, in photography, in the manufacture of paints, including in the leather and match industry.
7. Where is monazite available in India?
Answer: Monazite is found in abundance in the state of Kerala. Apart from this, mining of this mineral is being done in the coastal parts of the states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa etc.
8. What do you understand by alluvial soil? Which crops can be grown in this soil?
Answer: The soil which is formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers is called alluvial soil. This soil is rich in potash and lime and deficient in nitrogen and humus. This soil is very useful for paddy, wheat, sugarcane and pulses. Along with this, potatoes and various types of vegetables are also produced in large quantities in this soil.
9. What is called soil erosion?
Answer: The movement of soil from its place by various activities is called erosion. This soil erosion is controlled and affected by many natural factors such as moving water, 147, glacial and oceanic waves.
10. Name the states having extension of alluvial soil. Which crops can be grown in this soil?
Answer – Alluvial – The states with expanse of soil are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, West Bengal and Assam. Crops like sugarcane, rice, maize, pulses can be grown in this soil.
11. What are the main components of soil formation?
Answer There are five main components of soil formation – (i) local climate, (ii) precursor rocks and mineral particles, (iii) flora and fauna, (iv) landforms and elevation and (v) time taken for soil formation. .
12. Explain the difference between Khadar and Bangar soil.
Khadar soil - | Bangar soil - |
(i) New and fertile soil is called Khadar. | (i) Old alluvial soil is called Bangar. |
(ii) The effect of flood in Khadar soil is | (ii) There is no effect of flood in Bangar soil. |
(iii) North Bihar and the Gangetic plain are examples | (iii) The land of Maharashtra and Punjab is an example of this. |
Answer
13. State any effective measures of soil conservation.
Answer: Following are the effective measures of soil conservation –
(i) Nutrient level of soil can be maintained by adopting crop rotation method. (ii) Soil conservation can be done by using organic and compost manure instead of chemical fertilizers.
14. How is crop rotation helpful in soil conservation?
Answer: The nutritional level of the soil can be maintained by crop rotation. Due to continuous cultivation of wheat, rice, maize, potato etc., the nutrient content of the soil decreases. It can be recovered from the cultivation of oilseeds and pulses. This leads to the fixation of nitrogen, so crop rotation helps in soil conservation.
15. What do you understand by contour farming ?
Answer: When agricultural work is done by plowing the field in a circular form on mountainous areas or slopes, then its shape looks like a contour line. In this way the nutritional elements of the fields do not flow with the water. The fertility of the soil is maintained.
16. Describe the Chipko movement.
Answer: Under the leadership of Sundar Lal Bahuguna, this movement was started in the year 1972 by illiterate tribes in Tehri-Garhwal hill districts of Uttar Pradesh. In this movement, the local people used to protect the green trees and plants by encircling them in their lap to save them from being cut.
17. Describe the environmental importance of forest.
Answer: Forest is a unique gift of nature, in which man has been nourished since time immemorial. Forest is the true standard of climate. On the one hand, the forest land absorbs water and prevents the danger of floods, and on the other hand it also provides good rainfall. It also provides shelter to wild animals and gives many essential life-giving items to human beings along with wild animals. Contributes the most in the creation of a balanced ecosystem by providing a balanced condition to the animals and climate in the biosphere.
18. What items are made from petroleum?
Answer: Petroleum is a power resource which has a lot of importance in our life. Its main use is as a fuel for means of transport. It is also used as a lubricant in industrial machines. Petroleum is also used in the manufacture of textiles, fertilizers, chemical industries, pesticides and synthetic rubber.
19. What do you understand by biotic and abiotic resources?
Answer: On the basis of origin, resources are divided into two categories- (i) Bio-resources (ii) Abiotic resources.
(i) Bioresources – The organisms present in the biosphere such as birds, fishes, plants and humans themselves come under biological resource. They have the ability to produce offspring under favorable natural conditions. They are alive. The process of growth goes on in them.
(ii) Abiotic resources – All non-living substances found in the environment like minerals, rocks, soil, rivers, mountains etc. are called abiotic resources. They do not grow, their reserves are exhausted by their use.
20. What is the role of technology in resource generation? Explain.
Answer: In today's scientific era, technology has an important place. On the strength of technology, a country can stand in the line of developed countries even if there is a shortage of natural resources. For example, Japan can be taken. Despite the lack of natural resources, this country has brought itself into the category of developed countries on the basis of its technology and wisdom. This explains the role of technology in resource generation.
21. State the measures to conserve energy resource.
Answer: Following measures can be taken to conserve energy resource –
(i) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used more so that the stock of conventional source of energy can be saved.
(ii) Unnecessary use should be reduced.
(iii) Public transport should be used only.
(iv) Techniques should be developed to extract coal and petroleum from the mine so that large amount of fuel is not wasted during mining.
(v) Try to save electricity as far as possible. Energy saving is conservation.
22. Why are different types of forests found in India? Write their names. Describe any one.
Answer: Due to the difference in surface nature, diversity of soil and climate, different types of forests grow in India. Indian forests are divided into the following types:
(i) tropical deciduous forest or evergreen forest
(ii) tropical deciduous forest or deciduous forest
(iii) temperate montane forest or angular forest
(iv) deltaic forest or tidal forest
(v) desert forest or thorn forest
Evergreen forests or evergreen forests – Evergreen forests are dense. Their sticks are hard. Due to high temperature, high rainfall and growing in marshy areas, they are difficult to cut and use. Ebony and mahogany are important trees of these forests.
23. Mention four major factors for the decline of wildlife.
Answer: The following are the four main factors for the decline of wildlife-
(i) Decreasing habitat of wild life due to the destruction of the forest area.
(ii) Continuous hunting of wild animals.
(iii) The use of many chemicals in agriculture has also threatened the existence of many wild animals.
(iv) There has also been a decline of forests and wild animals due to pollution.
24. Name one mineral each associated with the following.
(i) Bababudan hill (ii) Bagru hill (iii) Kolar
(iv) Dali-Rajhara (v) Ghatshila (vi) Valadila
(vii) Koderma (viii) Reasi region
Answer – (i) Bababudan Hill – Iron-ore (ii) Bagru Hill – Bauxite (iii) Kolar – Gold (iv) Dhali-Rajhara – Iron-ore (v) Ghatshila – Copper (vi) Valadilla – Iron-ore (vii) ) Koderma – Mica (viii) Reasi Region – Copper
25. Name the iron ore. Answer: Iron ore is found mainly in four forms which are as follows- (i) Hematite, (ii) Magnetite, (iii) Limonite and (iv) Underite.
26. What is the use of mica?
Answer: Mica is an insulating mineral, due to which it is most widely used in the manufacture of electronics equipment. Apart from this, it is also used in making Abir-Gulal and in the manufacture of Ayurvedic medicine.
27. Name the major iron producing states.
Answer: Major iron producing states are Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Gog, Jharkhand etc.
28. Name four types of coal.
Answer : There are four major types of coal- (i) anthracite, (ii) bituminous, (iii) lignite and (iv) peat.
29. In which areas coal of Gondwana region is mainly found?
Answer: This group comprises 96% of the coal reserves found in our country. It was built about 20 million years ago. It is mainly found in four river basins- (i) Damodar valley, (ii) Son valley, (iii) Mahanadi valley and (iv) Wardha-Godavari valley.
30. Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Answer
(i) Iron mineral : It contains traces of iron. Such as laurel ores, manganese, chromite, pyrite, tungsten, nickel and cobalt come under ferrous minerals. They are used to make various types of steel.
(ii) Non-ferrous Minerals- Iron content is not found in it like gold, silver. Copper, zinc, mica, bauxite, tin, magnesium etc. It is used in making jewellery, coins, utensils, box, wire etc.
31. What is the importance of Chotanagpur mineral belt?
Answer: This mineral belt is mainly composed of neice and granite rocks. It is the richest region of the country. Coal, mica, iron ore, uranium etc. are found here. Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal are included under this belt.
32. How is bauxite a useful mineral? From which rocks is it obtained? Which districts of Jharkhand have its developed mines?
Answer: Aluminum is extracted from bauxite. Which is used in making aircraft, making electric wires and utensils. It has also been used to make cement and to clean mineral oil. Bauxite is obtained from laterite rock. Large deposits of bauxite are found in Palamu and Lohardaga districts of Jharkhand, from where it is transported to Muri by rail. The mines here are developed. India exports bauxite to Japan, Britain and Germany.
33. When did coal mining start in India?
Answer: Coal mining in India started in 1774, but commercial production is happening since 1839 AD. There has been a considerable increase in the production of coal after independence. Presently India is ranked 8th among the coal producing countries of the world.
34. Mention the uses of aluminum.
Answer: (i) in the manufacture of aircraft, (ii) in the manufacture of electrical equipment, (iii) in the manufacture of home furnishings, (iv) in making utensils, (v) in making white materials.
35. In which parts of India river delta has developed? What is the specialty of the soil here?
Answer: River deltas have developed in the eastern coastal parts of India. The deltas are areas of alluvial soil formed by the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers in the coastal plain. The soil here is made up of different proportions of sand, silt and clay. The color varies from hazy to reddish brown. This is fertile soil.
How are energy sources classified on the basis of their structural properties?
Answer: On the basis of structural properties, two sources of energy are biotic energy and inorganic energy source. Human and animal power is kept under the source of biotic and water power, power etc. inorganic energy power.
37. What are the main conditions for determination of hot spots?
Answer: The main conditions for its determination are –
(i) Determination of the number of indigenous species - such species which are not found anywhere else. (ii) To determine the extent of encroachment on the domicile pass.
38. Which areas of India have favorable conditions for wind energy?
Answer : There are favorable conditions in the following states for the development of wind energy-
(i) Rajasthan, (ii) Gujarat, (iii) Maharashtra, (iv) Karnataka and (v) Tamil Nadu.
39. What is Sagar Samrat?
Answer: Sagar Samrat is a vessel working in the Mumbai High Petroleum Exploration Area, which does the work of digging an underwater oil well in the sea area.
40. Why is thermal power an exhaustible resource?
Answer: Coal is the source of thermal power. Coal is formed over a long period of time by a complex process that takes millions of millions of years. But coal is being used fast. Their stock is limited. Hence thermal power is a exhaustible resource.
41. In which states the following river valley projects are located – Hirakud, Tungabhadra and Rihand.
Answer Project – Location States 1. Hirakud Orissa 2. Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh 3. Rihand Uttar Pradesh
42. Explain your views on the problems caused by pollution in the degradation of wildlife.
Answer: Increasing pollution has also played its role in the decline of wildlife. Wildlife and forests have been harmed by ultraviolet rays, acid rain and greenhouse effect. Apart from this, air, water and soil pollution has also put the life of forest and wildlife in serious danger. Therefore, the number of forests and wildlife is gradually decreasing.
43. What is the importance of Bhakra-Nangal project?
Answer: It is one of the highest dams in the world. Four power houses have been built on it. One in Bhakra, two in Ganguwal and one in Kotla. It generates 7 lakh kilowatts of electricity. It has brought revolutionary changes in agriculture and industries in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh etc.
44. What is the conventional energy source called?
Answer: All those old sources of energy which we have been using for hundreds of years are called conventional sources of energy. For example, coal, petroleum and natural gas. It is also known as fossil fuel and it is an exhaustible resource.
45. Name ten endangered animals and birds.
Answer : The names of ten endangered animals and birds are – Vulture, Gir Singh, Gray Heron, Mountain Quail, Green Sea, Tortoise, Red Panda, Indian Kurang, Sarang, White Crane and Krishna Crane.
46. What is the use of limestone?
Answer: Limestone is an important mineral resource. It is used 76% in the cement industry, 16% in the iron-steel industry, 4% in the chemical industry and the remaining 4% in the fertilizer, paper and sugar industry.
47. Atomic power is obtained from which minerals?
Answer: At present, nuclear power is the main source of energy. They are obtained from various minerals, in which molecular minerals like ilmenite, benadium, antimony, graphite, uranium, monazite etc. are prominent.
48. What is the contribution of forest in the treatment of cancer disease?
Answer: A chemical called 'Taxol' is obtained from the leaves, bark and roots of Himalayan yew which is an evergreen tree of pine type. The drug manufactured from this 'Taxol' cyan is used for the treatment of cancer disease. Therefore, forest has an important contribution in the treatment of cancer.
49. What are the main factors of hydropower generation?
Answer The major factors of hydro-electricity generation are as follows – (i) continuous flowing water stream, (ii) steep slope in river course, (iii) fast speed of water current (iv) natural water fall, (v) dense Industrial and trading centres, (vi) adequate capital investment, (vii) means of transport, (viii) technical knowledge and lack of immortal energy sources.
50. Which is the largest river valley project of India? On which river is this? Which region's economic development has taken place due to this?
Answer: The largest river valley project of India is Bhakra Nangal Project. It is built on the Sutlej river. The states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir have benefited from this project. This has brought revolutionary changes in agriculture and industry. This project has helped in bringing green revolution in the country by irrigating 15 lakh hectares of land. A network of small and cottage industries has been set in those states through hydropower generation.
51. Explain the difference between renewable and non-renewable resource.
Answer: On the basis of attainment, resources are divided into two categories-
(i) Renewable Resources (ii) Non- Renewable
Resources
(i) Renewable Resources – All those resources found in the environment which are produced by various types of natural physical, chemical or biological processes such as sunlight, wind, water, ponds, lakes, rivers, fishes, trees and plants Wildlife, Animals and Birds These are all renewable resources
(ii) Non-renewable resources – Under this, all those resources which are metallic or non-metallic are stored inside the earth in the form of a fixed reserve, it is not possible to recreate them artificially. Therefore, once their reserves are exhausted, there are difficulties such as coal, petroleum, iron-ore, bauxite, manganese etc. These come under non-renewable resources.
52. What is Van Mahotsav and Tiger Project?
Answer: Van Mahotsav is an important step taken in the direction of forest conservation and forest development. New forests are planted every year. Van Mahotsav is celebrated every year since 1952 AD. There are meetings. In this the importance of forest is discussed. Discussions are held and further plans are made. Tiger Project - is a plan made for the protection and growth of important wildlife like tigers. Under this there are 27 tiger reserves like Corbett in Uttarakhand, Betla in Jharkhand, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh, Nandankanan Sanctuary in Orissa have been created. As a result, the number of tigers is increasing day by day. Getting good results.
53. How is solar energy produced? Answer: When the rays coming from the sun fall on the photovoltaic cells, then the sun rays are converted into energy which is called solar energy. A unique way to get more energy at less cost. Gujarat and Rajasthan, the western part of India, have immense potential for solar energy.
54. Describe the causes of pollution of rivers in India.
Answer : In India, cities and factories are often located on the banks of rivers. The dirty water of these cities and the waste of the factories are often dumped in the rivers. Along with this, the water of rivers has also been polluted due to the mixing of chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides used in agriculture.
55. On the basis of physical properties soil is divided into how many classes? What type of soil is found in the Gangetic plain?
Answer: On the basis of physical properties, soils have been kept in the following three classes- (i) Sandy soils - Contains more percentage of sand than mud . It absorbs more water. (ii) Clay soil- Contains high percentage of mud. This soil hardens when it dries. (iii) Loamy soil- It has equal amount of hair and turf. This soil is considered good for agriculture.
This soil is generally found in the Gangetic plain.
56. Introduce the Mumbai High oil producing area.
Answer: In 1973, oil was extracted by drilling the ocean floor in the Arabian Sea near Bombay (Mumbai) island. This oil field is famous as Mumbai High which is situated at a distance of 115 km from the sea coast. Here a water platform named 'Sagar Samrat' has been built, which facilitates the excavation of oil. It is the only oil producing center in Maharashtra. It started oil production from 1974. Today India's largest oil producing area is here.
57. What are the main objectives of the River Valley Project?
Answer: The main objective of these projects is to solve various problems related to river basins in a coordinated manner. These include control of floods, prevention of soil erosion, water for irrigation and drinking, hydropower generation of industries, villages and cities, inland water transport and many other facilities such as recreation, wildlife conservation and development of fisheries.
58. What is a Sanctuary? Write the names of any two and state their position.
Answer: To preserve the wild animals, many efforts have been made at the government level to save them from extinction in future. Among them, a wildlife sanctuary is established. In which it is forbidden to kill, hunt or capture any bird or animal without the permission of the competent authority. There are a total of 513 sanctuaries established in India. In which Kaziranga in the state of Assam and Namdapha in the state of Arunachal Pradesh are considered important.
59. Why is the earth called the blue planet?
Answer: Due to the presence of water on 71% of the earth, it appears blue in color from space. That is why it is called the blue planet.
60. Mention two main factors of forest destruction.
Answer There are two main factors of forest destruction - (i) Increasing population - due to this, forests are being destroyed for wood for firewood, furniture, house construction etc. (ii) Expansion of residential areas – The area of housing has increased so much that people are now expanding the houses in the forest area.
61. Name the major coal producing areas of Jharkhand state.
Answer : Following are the major coal fields of Jharkhand state –
(i) Jharia , (ii) Bokaro, (iii) Giridih, (iv) Karanpura and (v) Ramgarh.
62. Indicate the location of any four oil refineries.
Answer : Following are the four oil refineries located in India-
(i) Digboi
(ii) Tarapur
(iii) Barauni
(iv) Haldia
63. What is considered useful for agriculture in the area of wind erosion?
Answer : In areas with wind erosion, plaque agriculture is considered useful. This agriculture is done by developing strips of grass between the crops.
64. Write four reasons for the loss (destruction) of forests.
Answer: From the point of view of environment, only two-third of the forest should remain in India. There are many reasons for forest degradation. For example- (i) Due to lack of rainfall in north-west India, the forest area is less.
(ii) In the areas of Punjab, Haryana, the remaining forests are cut and cultivated.
(iii) Forest is cut on a large scale for shifting cultivation in the hilly areas.
(iv) There should be destruction of forests on a large scale even due to fire in the forests.
65. Name two conventional and two non-conventional energy sources and state their characteristics.
Answer Energy resources are divided into two categories – (i) conventional energy (ii) non- conventional energy The sources of conventional energy are wood, cow dung, coal, petroleum, natural key and electricity. These have limited reserves of coal, petroleum and natural gas. There are means of power that are exhausted and are non-renewable. Dalit should be used judiciously. On the other hand the sources of non-conventional energy are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, nuclear energy and biogas energy. These are sources of renewable energy and can be produced, increased and used as per the requirement and capacity.
66. What do you understand by multipurpose project?
Answer: Such a project of development in which multiple objectives of development can be met simultaneously is called a multipurpose project. After independence, emphasis was given on river valley projects to make the country self-reliant. There are several objectives of this project. Such as flood control, prevention of soil erosion, irrigation and potable water supply, power generation, water supply to industries, fisheries, wildlife conservation, tourism, transportation etc.
67. Write the areas of soil erosion.
Answer: In Madhya Pradesh of India, the basin of the Chambal river, in the districts of Agra, Etawah and Jalaun in Uttar Pradesh, in South and North Arcot, Kanyakumari, Tiruchirappalli, Chingliput, Salem and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, the soil erosion area is more.
68. What is Red Data Book and Green Book?
Answer: In 1970, two organizations of India, the Botanical Survey of India and Forest Research together prepared a list of endangered forest species of India. This list is called Red Data Book. Similarly, a book has been prepared for such plants which are found in small numbers or are becoming extinct, which is called Green Book. Information about endangered or endangered wildlife or plants is done so that they can be protected.
69. What are the reasons for inter-state water dispute?
Answer: There are many such rivers in India which flow through more than one state. There are many such rivers like Ganga in North India, Brahmaputra in East India, Krishna-Cauvery in South India etc. In this period of development, irrigation, fisheries, construction of multi-purpose projects etc. are connected with the river itself. Sometimes disputes arise between more than one state regarding this use of river water.
70. Mention the customs conducive to the conservation of forest and wild animals.
Answer: Indian tradition has an integral relationship with forests and wildlife. In mythological texts, rituals, forests and wild animals have been given great importance. The use of about one hundred plant species in religious rituals only tells the importance of forests in our customs. Emperor Ashoka had banned the hunting of wild animals. Nature conservation is also mentioned in the writings of Babur and Jahangir. The love of forest and wild animals is also found in Mughal painting.
71. State four measures of forest conservation.
Answer: The following four measures can be taken for the protection of the forest
(i) The areas from which the forests have been cut should be re-planted.
(ii) Forest areas should be developed i.e. trees should be planted in new areas.
(iii) There should be a definite policy for forest conservation and the rules should be followed properly.
(iv) In order to keep the environment balanced in trees, arrangements should be made to prevent diseases. To maintain the balance, it is necessary to expand the forests on 33.3% of the total success of any country.
72. What can be the effective measures to prevent water pollution? Write.
Answer: Water is an essential resource for all living beings. Due to its pollution, everyone's life can be in danger.
Therefore, the following effective measures can be taken to prevent water pollution -
(i) The garbage, sewage etc. of big cities should not be dumped in nearby rivers, ponds, lakes or other water bodies. (ii) The waste chemical materials of the factories should not be dumped in the water bodies. (iii) Pesticides should not be sprayed in the ponds. (iv) There should be a ban on nuclear tests, atomic bombings, use of chemical weapons. Because due to this the water is also polluted.
73. Into how many parts is energy divided on the basis of utility?
Answer: On the basis of utility, energy is divided into two parts -
(i) Primary Energy- It includes energy sources like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
(ii) Secondary energy - Under this such sources are included which are obtained from primary energy.
By :- vikash sir
SCIENTIFIC CLASSES
